原问题:解不等式:f(f(x))>f(x)?

x^{\cos x}
x^{\cos x}
中底数
x > 0
x > 0
,定义域
x > 0
x > 0

令

t = f(x)
t = f(x)
,即解
 t^{\cos t} > t
t^{\cos t} > t
( t > 0 )

解
t^{\cos t} > t
t^{\cos t} > t
( t > 0 ):

两边取对数:
当

t > 1
t > 1
时,
\ln t > 0
\ln t > 0
,不等式等价于
 \cos t > 1
\cos t > 1
无解
当
0 < t < 1
0 < t < 1
时,
 \ln t < 0
\ln t < 0
,不等式等价于
\cos t < 1
\cos t < 1
。该式恒成立(
t > 0
t > 0
时
 \cos t \leq 1
\cos t \leq 1
,且仅当
t = 2k\pi
t = 2k\pi
时等号成立,而
 0< t < 1
0< t < 1
时
t \neq 2k\pi
t \neq 2k\pi
)
当
 t = 1
t = 1
时,
1^{\cos 1} = 1
1^{\cos 1} = 1
, 无解

于是即解

0 < x^{\cos x} < 1 ( x > 0 )
0 < x^{\cos x} < 1 ( x > 0 )
,同样两边取自然对数:

当

0 < x < 1
0 < x < 1
时
等价于
\cos x > 0
\cos x > 0

由于
0 < x < 1 < \dfrac{\pi}{2}
0 < x < 1 < \dfrac{\pi}{2}
故
 x \in (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})
x \in (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})
,而
(0, 1) \subset (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})
(0, 1) \subset (0, \dfrac{\pi}{2})
,因此
  0 < x < 1
0 < x < 1
时,
 \cos x > 0
\cos x > 0
恒成立,即
 f(x) \in (0, 1)
f(x) \in (0, 1)

当 x > 1 时:

 \ln x > 0
\ln x > 0
,故
\cos x \cdot \ln x < 0
\cos x \cdot \ln x < 0
等价于
\cos x < 0
\cos x < 0

\cos x < 0
\cos x < 0
的区间为
(2k\pi + \dfrac{\pi}{2}, 2k\pi + \dfrac{3\pi}{2})
(2k\pi + \dfrac{\pi}{2}, 2k\pi + \dfrac{3\pi}{2})
(
 k \in \mathbb{N}
k \in \mathbb{N}
,因
x > 1
x > 1
,取
k \geq 0
k \geq 0
)

当 x = 1 时:

 f(1) = 1^{\cos 1} = 1
f(1) = 1^{\cos 1} = 1
,无解

综上:
 \boxed{(0, 1) \cup \bigcup_{k=0}^{\infty} \left( 2k\pi + \frac{\pi}{2},\ 2k\pi + \frac{3\pi}{2} \right)}
\boxed{(0, 1) \cup \bigcup_{k=0}^{\infty} \left( 2k\pi + \frac{\pi}{2},\ 2k\pi + \frac{3\pi}{2} \right)}
(
 k = 0, 1, 2, \dots
k = 0, 1, 2, \dots
)


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